Long term cognitive outcomes of early term (37-38 weeks) and late preterm (34-36 weeks) births: a systematic review

Background: There is a paucity of evidence regarding long-term outcomes of late preterm (34-36 weeks) and early term (37-38 weeks) delivery.  The objective of this systematic review was to assess long-term cognitive outcomes of children born at these gestations. Methods: Four electronic databases (Medline, Embase, clinicaltrials.gov and PsycINFO) were searched.  Last search was 5 th August 2016.  Studies were included if they reported gestational age, IQ measure and the ages assessed.  The protocol was registered with the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO Record CRD42015015472).  Two independent reviewers assessed the studies.  Data were abstracted and critical appraisal performed of eligible papers. Results: Of 11,905 potential articles, seven studies reporting on 41,344 children were included.  For early term births, four studies (n = 35,711) consistently showed an increase in cognitive scores for infants born at full term (39-41 weeks) compared to those born at early term (37-38 weeks) with increases for each week of term (difference between 37 and 40 weeks of around 3 IQ points), despite differences in age of testing and method of IQ/cognitive testing.  Four studies (n = 5644) reporting childhood cognitive outcomes of late preterm births (34 - 36 weeks) also differed in study design (cohort and case control); age of testing; and method of IQ testing, and found no differences in outcomes between late preterm and term births, although risk of bias was high in included studies. Conclusion:  Children born at 39-41 weeks have higher cognitive outcome scores compared to those born at early term (37-38 weeks).  This should be considered when discussing timing of delivery.  For children born late preterm, the data is scarce and when compared to full term (37-42 weeks) did not show any difference in IQ scores

Predicting Dust Distribution in Protoplanetary Discs

We present the results of three-dimensional numerical simulations that include the effects of hydrodynamical forces and gas drag upon an evolving dusty gas disk. We briefly describe a new parallel, two phase numerical code based upon the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) technique in which the gas and dust phases are represented by two distinct types of particles. We use the code to follow the dynamical evolution of a population of grains in a gaseous protoplanetary disk in order to understand the distribution of grains of different sizes within the disk. Our ``grains'' range from metre to submillimetre in size.Comment: 2 pages, LaTeX with 1 ps figure embedded, using newpasp.sty (supplied). To appear in the proceedings of the XIXth IAP colloquium "Extrasolar Planets: Today and Tomorrow" held in Paris, France, 2003, June 30 -- July 4, ASP Conf. Se

Slip rates and spatially variable creep on faults of the northern San Andreas system inferred through Bayesian inversion of Global Positioning System data

Fault creep, depending on its rate and spatial extent, is thought to reduce earthquake hazard by releasing tectonic strain aseismically. We use Bayesian inversion and a newly expanded GPS data set to infer the deep slip rates below assigned locking depths on the San Andreas, Maacama, and Bartlett Springs Faults of Northern California and, for the latter two, the spatially variable interseismic creep rate above the locking depth. We estimate deep slip rates of 21.5 ± 0.5, 13.1 ± 0.8, and 7.5 ± 0.7 mm/yr below 16 km, 9 km, and 13 km on the San Andreas, Maacama, and Bartlett Springs Faults, respectively. We infer that on average the Bartlett Springs fault creeps from the Earth's surface to 13 km depth, and below 5 km the creep rate approaches the deep slip rate. This implies that microseismicity may extend below the locking depth; however, we cannot rule out the presence of locked patches in the seismogenic zone that could generate moderate earthquakes. Our estimated Maacama creep rate, while comparable to the inferred deep slip rate at the Earth's surface, decreases with depth, implying a slip deficit exists. The Maacama deep slip rate estimate, 13.1 mm/yr, exceeds long-term geologic slip rate estimates, perhaps due to distributed off-fault strain or the presence of multiple active fault strands. While our creep rate estimates are relatively insensitive to choice of model locking depth, insufficient independent information regarding locking depths is a source of epistemic uncertainty that impacts deep slip rate estimates

SPH Simulations of Accretion Disks and Narrow Rings

We model a massless viscous disk using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and note that it evolves according to the Lynden-Bell \& Pringle theory (1974) until a non-axisymmetric instability develops at the inner edge of the disk. This instability may have the same origin as the instability of initially axisymmetric viscous disks discussed by Lyubarskij et al. (1994). To clarify the evolution we evolved single and double rings of particles. It is actually inconsistent with the SPH scheme to set up a single ring as an initial condition because SPH assumes a smoothed initial state. As would be expected from an SPH simulation, the ring rapidly breaks up into a band. We analyse the stability of the ring and show that the predictions are confirmed by the simulation.Comment: 11 pages, uuencoded compressed postscript with 2 figs, accepted PASA. Also available at http://www.maths.monash.edu.au/~maddison/me/papers.htm

The behavioral immune system: Current concerns and future directions

The behavioral immune system is a motivational system that helps minimize infection risk by changing cognition, affect, and behavior in ways that promote pathogen avoidance. In the current paper, we review foundational concepts of the behavioral immune system and provide a brief summary of recent social psychological research on this topic. Next, we highlight current conceptual and empirical limitations of this work and delineate important questions that have the potential to drive major advances in the field. These questions include predicting the ontological development of the behavioral immune system, specifying the relationship between this system and the physiological immune system, and distinguishing conditions that elicit direct effects of situational pathogen threats versus effects that occur only in interaction with dispositional disease concerns. This discussion highlights significant challenges and underexplored topics to be addressed by the next generation of behavioral immune system research.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142457/1/spc312371.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142457/2/spc312371_am.pd

Using Self-Disclosure to Manage Student Misconceptions in a Human Sexuality Classroom

This paper explores how three Human Development graduate student instructors of human sexuality have utilized student perception and instructor disclosure to challenge assumptions and misconceptions about sexuality. Three modes of pedagogy, culturally responsive pedagogy, experiential learning theory, and queer pedagogy, are discussed in order to illustrate the interplay of perception and disclosure when teaching. The authors provide a list of questions for instructors to be reflective as well as strategies to respond to student misconceptions about sexuality topics in the classroom.Keywords: culturally responsive pedagogy, disclosure, experiential learning theory, queer pedagogy, sexualit

Gestational age at delivery of twins and perinatal outcomes : a cohort study in Aberdeen, Scotland

This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust through a PhD studentship to SRM [104490] and a Clinical Career Development Fellowship to SJS [209560]. First published: 03 Apr 2019, 4:65 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15211.1) Latest published: 22 Jul 2019, 4:65 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15211.2)Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Live Fast, Die Young: GMC lifetimes in the FIRE cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies

We present the first measurement of the lifetimes of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in cosmological simulations at z = 0, using the Latte suite of FIRE-2 simulations of Milky Way (MW) mass galaxies. We track GMCs with total gas mass ≳10⁵ M⊙ at high spatial (∼1 pc), mass (7100 M⊙), and temporal (1 Myr) resolution. Our simulated GMCs are consistent with the distribution of masses for massive GMCs in the MW and nearby galaxies. We find GMC lifetimes of 5–7 Myr, or 1–2 freefall times, on average, with less than 2 per cent of clouds living longer than 20 Myr. We find decreasing GMC lifetimes with increasing virial parameter, and weakly increasing GMC lifetimes with galactocentric radius, implying that environment affects the evolutionary cycle of GMCs. However, our GMC lifetimes show no systematic dependence on GMC mass or amount of star formation. These results are broadly consistent with inferences from the literature and provide an initial investigation into ultimately understanding the physical processes that govern GMC lifetimes in a cosmological setting

Agglomerate Behaviour in Fluidized Beds

Fluidized bed agglomeration is used to stabilize particulate mixtures and reduce dust emissions. Agglomerates and granules that do not conform to size and shape specifications may create problems in downstream processes such as tableting, thus compromising process efficiency and product quality. The objective of the present study was to determine the critical agglomerate liquid content at which the rates of agglomerate growth and shrinkage are balanced when artificial agglomerates made from glass beads and water are introduced into a fluidized bed. This study investigated the effects of agglomerate size and fluidizing gas velocity on the critical initial liquid content. It was found that small agglomerates displayed higher critical initial moisture contents. The study also found that as the superficial gas velocity increased, the agglomerates started to break, rather than erode

Improving longitudinal research in geospatial health: An agenda

All aspects of public health research require longitudinal analyses to fully capture the dynamics of outcomes and risk factors such as ageing, human mobility, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), climate change, and endemic, emerging, and re-emerging infectious diseases. Studies in geospatial health are often limited to spatial and temporal cross sections. This generates uncertainty in the exposures and behavior of study populations. We discuss a research agenda, including key challenges and opportunities of working with longitudinal geospatial health data. Examples include accounting for residential and human mobility, recruiting new birth cohorts, geoimputation, international and interdisciplinary collaborations, spatial lifecourse studies, and qualitative and mixed-methods approaches